The Brief review of Nafion Composite Nanofillers Membranes

Nafion Nanofillers Composite PEMFCs

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWESs) play central role in expanding clean hydrogen energy system. Perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers, particlarly Nafion, serve as the benchmark solid polymer electrolyte duet o their high proton conductivity and structural stability under fully hydrated confditions. However, pristine Nafion experiences severe performance  loss under elevated temperatures (> 80^OC) and low relative humidity duet to membrane dehydration, while also remaining susceptible to fuel crossover and radical induced chemical degradation. Incorporating nanofillers into the nafion matrix offers a versatile strategy to overcome these operational limitations. This review systematically evaluates six principal filler strategies: metal oxides, solid acids, carbon based nanomaterials, clays and zeolites, metal oragnic and covalent oragnoc frameworks (MOFs/COFs) and polymeric/ biobased additives. We examine the mechanistic roles of these additives in mantaining hydration, creating additional proton conducting pathways,  forming barrier network againts fuel crossover, and reinforcing mechanical and radical statbility. Finally, key research directions are highlighted, emphasizing the rational design of hybrid nanofillers.